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COSMOS :AN INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENGLISH LITERATURE, LANGUAGE AND INDIC STUDIES, JAIPUR.
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π―Dr Mukesh Pareek
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π―14 NET, 3 JRF, 2 M. Phil
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The Poema Morale, or as it was called by 19th-century scholars, 'A Moral Ode', was composed in the last quarter of the 12th century by an unknown author, who lets his narrator survey a long life and regret his shortcomings deploring the waste of opportunities and recommending righteous and holy living. Finally, he describes the Last Judgement and the Joys of Heaven. Thus, the poem clearly stands in the homiletic tradition of the period, but it reveals at the same time a sincere personal element in that the persona, a wise old man, wishes others to profit from his experience.
The poem is written in about 200 septenary rhymed couplets, a Latin verse form of lines of seven stresses with a caesura after the fourth. Poema Morale is the first known example of the septenary in English.
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The poem must have enjoyed a certain popularity as it is preserved in at least seven manuscripts dating from 1180 to 1300. Most modern critics praise the poem's formal qualities and neglect its contents. Nevertheless, there is good reason to read the Poema Morale in its own right and to understand it in the tradition of Old English admonitory pieces, such as Be Domes Dæge or Precepts.
The Poema Morale ("Conduct of life" or "Moral Ode") is an early Middle English moral poem outlining proper Christian conduct. The poem was popular enough to have survived in seven manuscripts, including the homiletic collections known as the Lambeth Homilies and Trinity Homilies, both dating from around 1200.
Content and form
The narrator, a wise, old man, reflects on his life and his many failures; the homily ends with a description of the Last Judgment and the joys of heaven. Both personal sin and collective guilt (scholars have compared the narrator's stance to that of the Peterborough Chronicler) are of concern.
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Dr Mukesh Pareek
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The poem is sometimes referred to as a sermon,sometimes as a homiletic narrative.It contains, in its longest version, 200 rhymed couplets.
The lengths of the different versions of the poem vary greatly: the shortest is 270, the longest 400 lines; different manuscript versions also differ in wording. The Lambeth version is considered the oldest.In fact, there is so much "metrical, lexical and scribal variation" that it seems there is no "correct" version: "each copy represents a reshaping within an established rhythmical and metrical structure."
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Harrowing of Hell is a doctrine in Christian theology, derived from biblical exegesis and found in the Apostles' Creed and the Athanasian Creed, which states that Jesus descended into Hell before being resurrected in order to visit the realm of the dead to save those who came before his earthly ministry. In this way, the taint of Original Sin was remedied for the dead, which allowed Jesus to defeat Satan and throw open the doors of Hades for all eternity, allowing the souls of the faithful to ascend to Heaven.
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14 NET, 3 JRF, 2 M. Phil
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The "Harrowing of Hell" doctrine was especially popular among the laity, as it provided a concrete image of salvation that was easily encapsulated in religious iconography (which was often their only point of entry into such discourse). It also provided a popular understanding of the atonement (the process of salvation) in the early Church
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Dr Mukesh Pareek
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14 NET, 3 JRF, 2 M. Phil
Contact for online classes 9828402032
Apocrypha are works, usually written, of unknown authorship or of doubtful origin. Biblical apocrypha are a set of texts included in the Septuagint and Latin Vulgate but not in the Hebrew Bible. While Catholic tradition considers some of these texts to be deuterocanonical, Protestants consider them apocryphal. Thus, Protestant bibles do not include the books within the Old Testament but have sometimes included them in a separate section, usually called the Apocrypha. Other non-canonical apocryphal texts are generally called pseudepigrapha, a term that means "false attribution".
The word's origin is the Medieval Latin adjective apocryphus, "secret, or non-canonical", from the Greek adjective αΌΟΟΞΊΟΟ ΟΞΏΟ (apokryphos), "obscure", from the verb αΌΟΞΏΞΊΟΟΟΟΡιν (apokryptein), "to hide away".
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Dr Mukesh Pareek
Expert of Experts in NET Coaching
14 NET, 3 JRF, 2 M. Phil
Contact for online classes 9828402032
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